CHAPTER XXII

COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION AND MEDIATION1Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral AwardsNew York, 10 June 1958Entry into force7 June 1959, in accordance with article XII.Registration7 June 1959, No. 4739StatusSignatories24Parties172TextUnited Nations, <i>Treaty Series </i>, vol. 330, p. 3.The Convention was prepared and opened for signature on 10 June 1958 by the United Nations Conference on International Commercial Arbitration, convened in accordance with resolution <a href="/doc/source/docs/E_RES_604_XXI-E.pdf" target="_blank">604 (XXI)</a><superscript>1</superscript> of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations adopted on 3 May 1956. The Conference met at the Headquarters of the United Nations in New York from 20 May to 10 June 1958. For the text of the Final Act of this Conference, see United Nations, <i>Treaty Series </i>, vol. 330, p. 3.

ParticipantSignatureRatification, Accession(a), Succession(d)Afghanistan30 Nov 2004 aAlbania27 Jun 2001 aAlgeria 7 Feb 1989 aAndorra19 Jun 2015 aAngola 6 Mar 2017 aAntigua and Barbuda 2 Feb 1989 aArgentina26 Aug 1958 14 Mar 1989 Armenia29 Dec 1997 aAustralia26 Mar 1975 aAustria 2 May 1961 aAzerbaijan29 Feb 2000 aBahamas20 Dec 2006 aBahrain 6 Apr 1988 aBangladesh 6 May 1992 aBarbados16 Mar 1993 aBelarus29 Dec 1958 15 Nov 1960 Belgium10 Jun 1958 18 Aug 1975 Belize15 Mar 2021 aBenin16 May 1974 aBhutan25 Sep 2014 aBolivia (Plurinational State of)28 Apr 1995 aBosnia and Herzegovina<superscript>2</superscript> 1 Sep 1993 dBotswana20 Dec 1971 aBrazil 7 Jun 2002 aBrunei Darussalam25 Jul 1996 aBulgaria17 Dec 1958 10 Oct 1961 Burkina Faso23 Mar 1987 aBurundi23 Jun 2014 aCabo Verde22 Mar 2018 aCambodia 5 Jan 1960 aCameroon19 Feb 1988 aCanada12 May 1986 aCentral African Republic15 Oct 1962 aChile 4 Sep 1975 aChina<superscript>3</superscript>22 Jan 1987 aColombia25 Sep 1979 aComoros28 Apr 2015 aCook Islands12 Jan 2009 aCosta Rica10 Jun 1958 26 Oct 1987 Côte d'Ivoire 1 Feb 1991 aCroatia<superscript>2</superscript>26 Jul 1993 dCuba30 Dec 1974 aCyprus29 Dec 1980 aCzech Republic<superscript>4</superscript>30 Sep 1993 dDemocratic Republic of the Congo 5 Nov 2014 aDenmark22 Dec 1972 aDjibouti14 Jun 1983 dDominica28 Oct 1988 aDominican Republic11 Apr 2002 aEcuador17 Dec 1958 3 Jan 1962 Egypt 9 Mar 1959 aEl Salvador10 Jun 1958 26 Feb 1998 Estonia30 Aug 1993 aEthiopia24 Aug 2020 aFiji27 Sep 2010 aFinland29 Dec 1958 19 Jan 1962 France25 Nov 1958 26 Jun 1959 Gabon15 Dec 2006 aGeorgia 2 Jun 1994 aGermany<superscript>5,6</superscript>10 Jun 1958 30 Jun 1961 Ghana 9 Apr 1968 aGreece16 Jul 1962 aGuatemala21 Mar 1984 aGuinea23 Jan 1991 aGuyana25 Sep 2014 aHaiti 5 Dec 1983 aHoly See14 May 1975 aHonduras 3 Oct 2000 aHungary 5 Mar 1962 aIceland24 Jan 2002 aIndia10 Jun 1958 13 Jul 1960 Indonesia 7 Oct 1981 aIran (Islamic Republic of)15 Oct 2001 aIraq11 Nov 2021 aIreland12 May 1981 aIsrael10 Jun 1958 5 Jan 1959 Italy31 Jan 1969 aJamaica10 Jul 2002 aJapan20 Jun 1961 aJordan10 Jun 1958 15 Nov 1979 Kazakhstan20 Nov 1995 aKenya10 Feb 1989 aKuwait28 Apr 1978 aKyrgyzstan18 Dec 1996 aLao People's Democratic Republic17 Jun 1998 aLatvia14 Apr 1992 aLebanon11 Aug 1998 aLesotho13 Jun 1989 aLiberia16 Sep 2005 aLiechtenstein 7 Jul 2011 aLithuania14 Mar 1995 aLuxembourg11 Nov 1958 9 Sep 1983 Madagascar16 Jul 1962 aMalawi 4 Mar 2021 aMalaysia 5 Nov 1985 aMaldives17 Sep 2019 aMali 8 Sep 1994 aMalta22 Jun 2000 aMarshall Islands21 Dec 2006 aMauritania30 Jan 1997 aMauritius19 Jun 1996 aMexico14 Apr 1971 aMonaco31 Dec 1958 2 Jun 1982 Mongolia24 Oct 1994 aMontenegro<superscript>7</superscript>23 Oct 2006 dMorocco12 Feb 1959 aMozambique11 Jun 1998 aMyanmar16 Apr 2013 aNepal 4 Mar 1998 aNetherlands (Kingdom of the)10 Jun 1958 24 Apr 1964 New Zealand 6 Jan 1983 aNicaragua24 Sep 2003 aNiger14 Oct 1964 aNigeria17 Mar 1970 aNorth Macedonia<superscript>2,8</superscript>10 Mar 1994 dNorway14 Mar 1961 aOman25 Feb 1999 aPakistan30 Dec 1958 14 Jul 2005 Palau31 Mar 2020 aPanama10 Oct 1984 aPapua New Guinea17 Jul 2019 aParaguay 8 Oct 1997 aPeru 7 Jul 1988 aPhilippines10 Jun 1958 6 Jul 1967 Poland10 Jun 1958 3 Oct 1961 Portugal<superscript>9</superscript>18 Oct 1994 aQatar30 Dec 2002 aRepublic of Korea 8 Feb 1973 aRepublic of Moldova18 Sep 1998 aRomania13 Sep 1961 aRussian Federation29 Dec 1958 24 Aug 1960 Rwanda31 Oct 2008 aSan Marino17 May 1979 aSao Tome and Principe20 Nov 2012 aSaudi Arabia19 Apr 1994 aSenegal17 Oct 1994 aSerbia<superscript>2</superscript>12 Mar 2001 dSeychelles 3 Feb 2020 aSierra Leone28 Oct 2020 aSingapore21 Aug 1986 aSlovakia<superscript>4</superscript>28 May 1993 dSlovenia<superscript>2</superscript> 6 Jul 1992 dSouth Africa 3 May 1976 aSpain12 May 1977 aSri Lanka30 Dec 1958 9 Apr 1962 St. Vincent and the Grenadines12 Sep 2000 aState of Palestine 2 Jan 2015 aSudan26 Mar 2018 aSuriname10 Nov 2022 aSweden23 Dec 1958 28 Jan 1972 Switzerland29 Dec 1958 1 Jun 1965 Syrian Arab Republic<superscript>10</superscript> 9 Mar 1959 aTajikistan14 Aug 2012 aThailand21 Dec 1959 aTimor-Leste17 Jan 2023 aTonga12 Jun 2020 aTrinidad and Tobago14 Feb 1966 aTunisia17 Jul 1967 aTürkiye 2 Jul 1992 aTurkmenistan 4 May 2022 aUganda12 Feb 1992 aUkraine<superscript>11,12</superscript>29 Dec 1958 10 Oct 1960 United Arab Emirates21 Aug 2006 aUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland<superscript>13</superscript>24 Sep 1975 aUnited Republic of Tanzania13 Oct 1964 aUnited States of America30 Sep 1970 aUruguay30 Mar 1983 aUzbekistan 7 Feb 1996 aVenezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 8 Feb 1995 aViet Nam12 Sep 1995 aZambia14 Mar 2002 aZimbabwe29 Sep 1994 aAfghanistanDeclaration:"Afghanistan will apply the Convention only to : (i) recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another Contracting State; and (ii) differences arising out of legal relationships whether contractual or not which are considered as commercial under the national law of Afghanistan."AlgeriaDeclaration:Referring to the possibility offered by article I, paragraph 3, of the Convention, the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria declares that it will apply the Convention, on the basis of re- ciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State and only where such awards have been made with respect to differences arising out of legal relationships whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under Algerian law.Antigua and BarbudaDeclarations:"In accordance with article I, the Government of Antigua and Barbuda declares that it will apply the Convention on the basis of reciprocity only to the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another contracting state.The Government of Antigua and Barbuda also declares that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are con- sidered as commercial under the laws of Antigua and Barbuda."Argentina<superscript>14</superscript>Upon signature:Subject to the declaration contained in the Final Act.Upon ratification:On the basis of reciprocity, the Republic of Argentina will apply the Convention only to the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards made in the territory of another Contracting State. It will also apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under its national law.The Convention will be interpreted in accordance with the principles and clauses of the National Constitution in force or those resulting from modification made by virtue of the Constitution.ArmeniaDeclarations:"1. The Republic of Armenia will apply the Convention only to recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another Contracting State.2. The Republic of Armenia will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the laws of the Republic of Armenia."Austria<superscript>15</superscript>Bahrain<superscript>16,17</superscript>Declarations :"1. ..."2. In accordance with article 1 (3) of the Convention, the State of Bahrain will apply the Convention, on the basis of reci- procity, to the recognition and enforcement of only those awards made in the territory of another Contracting State party to the Convention."3. In accordance with article 1 (3) of the Convention, the State of Bahrain will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of the State of Bahrain."BarbadosDeclaration:" (i) In accordance with article 1 (3) of the Convention, the Government of Barbados declares that it will apply the Conven- tion on the basis of reciprocity to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State.(ii) The Government of Barbados will also apply the Con- vention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not which are considered as commercial under the laws of Barbados."BelarusThe Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic will apply the provisions of this Convention in respect to arbitral awards made in the territories of non-contracting States only to the extent to which they grant reciprocal treatment.BelgiumIn accordance with article I, paragraph 3, the Government of the Kingdom of Belgium declares that it will apply the Conven- tion to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made only in the territory of a Contracting State.BelizeReservation:“The Convention only applies in regard to Belize with respect to Arbitral Awards rendered after the date of its accession to the Convention.”BhutanDeclaration:“(a) Based on reciprocity, the Kingdom of Bhutan shall apply the Convention only to recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another contracting State.(b) The Kingdom of Bhutan will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, that are considered commercial under the national laws.”Bosnia and Herzegovina<superscript>2</superscript>Declaration:"The Convention will be applied to the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina only relating [to] those arbitral awards that have been brought after entering into force of the Convention.The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina will apply the Convention, on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of only those awards made in the territory of another Contracting State.The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina."Botswana"The Republic of Botswana will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationship, whether contrac- tual or not, which are considered commercial under Botswana law."The Republic of Botswana will apply the Convention to the Recognition and Enforcement of Awards made in the territory of another Contracting State."Brunei DarussalamDeclaration:"... Brunei Darussalam will on the basis of reciprocity apply the said Convention to the recognition and enforcement of only those awards which are made in the territory of another Contracting State."Bulgaria"Bulgaria will apply the Convention to recognition and en- forcement of awards made in the territory of another contracting State. With regard to awards made in the territory of non-con- tracting States it will apply the Convention only to the extent to which these States grant reciprocal treatment."BurundiDeclaration:The Republic of Burundi will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of Burundi.Canada<superscript>18</superscript><right>20 October 1987</right>"The Government of Canada declares that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the laws of Canada, except in the case of the Province of Quebec where the law does not provide for such limitation."Central African RepublicReferring to the possibility offered by paragraph 3 of article I of the Convention, the Central African Republic declares that it will apply the Convention on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another contracting State; it further declares that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under its national law.China1. The People's Republic of China will apply the Conven- tion, only on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and en- forcement of arbitral awards made in the territory of another Contracting State;2. The People's Republic of China will apply the Conven- tion only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of the People's Republic of China.CubaCuba will apply the Convention to the recognition and en- forcement of arbitral awards made in the territory of another Contracting State. With respect to arbitral awards made by other non-contracting States it will apply the Convention only in so far as those States grant reciprocal treatment as established by mutual agreement between the parties. Moreover, it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under Cuban legislation.Cyprus"The Republic of Cyprus will apply the Convention, on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State; furthermore it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under its national law."Czech Republic<superscript>4</superscript>DenmarkIn accordance with the terms of article I, paragraph 3, [the Convention] shall have effect only as regards the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made by another Contracting State and [it] shall be valid only with respect to commercial relationships.EcuadorEcuador, on a basis of reciprocity, will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made in the territory of another Contracting State only if such awards have been made with respect to differences arising out of legal relationships which are regarded as commercial under Ecuadorian law.EthiopiaReservation and declarations:“1. In accordance with Article 1 (3) of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia declares that it will apply the Convention for Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards made only in the Territory of another contracting State.2. In accordance with Article 1 (3) of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia declares that it will apply the convention on differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered commercial under the National Law of Ethiopia.3. The Convention only applies in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia with respect to Arbitration Agreements concluded and Arbitral Awards rendered after the date of its accession to the Convention.”France<superscript>19</superscript>Referring to the possibility offered by paragraph 3 of arti- cle I of the Convention, France declares that it will apply the Convention on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another contracting State.Referring to paragraphs 1 and 2 of article X of the Conven- tion, France declares that this Convention will extend to all the territories of the French Republic.Germany<superscript>6,20</superscript>"With respect to paragraph 1 of article I, and in accordance with paragraph 3 of article I of the Convention, the Federal Re- public of Germany will apply the Convention only to the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another Contracting State."Greece<superscript>21</superscript><right>18 April 1980</right>The present Convention is approved on condition of the two limitations set forth in article I (3) of the Convention.GuatemalaOn the basis of reciprocity, the Republic of Guatemala will apply the above Convention to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made only in the territory of another contract- ing State; and will apply it only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under its national law.Holy SeeThe State of Vatican City will apply the said Convention on the basis of reciprocity, on the one hand, to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State, and on the other hand, only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under Vatican law.Honduras<superscript>22</superscript><right>21 August 2012</right>“The State of Honduras will apply the Convention to the recognition and execution of arbitral [awards] issued in the territory of another Contracting State. Also, it will only apply the Convention to the differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, considered as as commercial by national legislation.”Hungary"The Hungarian People's Republic shall apply the Conven- tion to the recognition and enforcement of such awards only as have been made in the territory of one of the other Contracting States and are dealing with differences arising in respect of a legal relationship considered by the Hungarian law as a commercial relationship."India"In accordance with Article I of the Convention, the Gov-ernment of India declare that they will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of a State, party to this Convention. They further declare that they will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the law of India."Indonesia"Pursuant to the provision of article I (3) of the Convention, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia declares that it will apply the Convention on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State, and that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the Indonesian Law".Iran (Islamic Republic of)Declarations:"(a) In accordance with article 1 (3) of the Convention, the Islamic Republic of Iran will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of the Islamic Republic of Iran;(b) In accordance with article 1 (3) of the Convention, the Islamic Republic of Iran will apply the Convention, on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of only those awards made in the territory of another Contracting State Party to the Convention."IraqReservation:First, the provisions of the Convention shall not be applicable to the Republic of Iraq with respect to arbitral awards made before the law enters into force.Second, the Convention shall be applicable with respect to the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another Contracting State only on the basis of reciprocity.Third, the Convention shall be applicable to the Republic of Iraq only with respect to differences arising from contractual legal relations which are considered commercial under Iraqi law.Ireland"In accordance with article I (3) of the said Convention the Government of Ireland declares that it will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State".Jamaica<superscript>23</superscript><right>17 October 2003</right>Reservation:"The Government of Jamaica, on the basis of Reciprocity, will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State, in accordance with article 1 (3).The Government of Jamaica further declares that the Convention will only be applied to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered to be commercial under the national laws of Jamaica in accordance with article 1 (3) of the Convention."Japan"It will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State."Jordan<superscript>16</superscript>The Government of Jordan shall not be bound by any awards which are made by Israel or to which an Israeli is a party.KenyaDeclaration:"In accordance with article I (3) of the said Convention the Government of Kenya declares that it will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made only in the territory of another contracting state."KuwaitThe State of Kuwait will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State.It is understood that the accession of the State of Kuwait to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, done at New York, on the 10th of June 1958, does not mean in any way recognition of Israel or entering with it into relations governed by the Convention thereto acceded by the State of Kuwait.LebanonDeclaration:The Government of Lebanon declares that it will apply the Convention, on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State.LiechtensteinReservation:“In accordance with article 1 (3) the Principality of Liechtenstein will apply the Convention, on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State.”LithuaniaDeclaration:[The Republic of Lithuania] will apply the provisions of the said Convention to the recognition of arbitral awards made in the territories of the Non-Contracting States, only on the basis of reciprocity."LuxembourgDeclaration:The Convention is applied on the basis of reciprocity to the recognition and enforcement of only those arbitral awards made in the territory of another Contracting State.MadagascarThe Malagasy Republic declares that it will apply the Con- vention on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another contracting State; it further declares that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under its national law.MalawiDeclaration:“… in accordance with Article I paragraph 3 of the Convention, the Government of the Republic of Malawi do hereby declare that the Republic of Malawi will apply the Convention only with respect to:(a) the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another Contracting State;(b) differences arising out of relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as “commercial” under the laws of Malawi; and(c) arbitration agreements concluded, or arbitral awards rendered, after the date Malawi accedes to the Convention and not those before that date.”MalaysiaDeclaration:The Government of Malaysia will apply the Convention on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State. Malaysia further declares that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether con-tractual or not, which are considered as commercial under Malaysian law.MaltaDeclarations:"1. In accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, Malta will apply the Convention only to the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another Contracting State.2. The Convention only applies in regard to Malta with respect to arbitration agreements concluded after the date of Malta's accession to the Convention."Mauritius<superscript>24</superscript>Declarations:"Referring to paragraphs 1 and 2 of article X of the Convention, the Republic of Mauritius declares that this Convention will extend to all the territories forming part of the Republic of Mauritius."MonacoReferring to the possibility offered by article I (3) of the Convention, the Principality of Monaco will apply the Convention, on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another contracting State; furthermore, it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationship, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under its national law.MongoliaDeclaration:"1. Mongolia will apply the Convention, on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State.2. Mongolia will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of Mongolia."Montenegro<superscript>7</superscript>Confirmation upon succession:Reservations:"1. The Convention is applied in regard to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia only to those arbitral awards which were adopted after the coming of the Convention into effect."2. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia will apply the Convention on a reciprocal basis only to those arbitral awards which were adopted on the territory of the other State Party to the Convention."3. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia will apply the Convention [only] with respect to the disputes arising from the legal relations, contractual and non-contractual, which, according to its national legislation are considered as economic."Declaration:“The first reservation only constituted an affirmation of the legal principle of retroactivity and that the third reservation being essentially in accordance with article I (3) of the Convention, the word "only" was therefore to be added to the original text and note taken that the word "economic" had been used therein as a synonym for "commercial".MoroccoThe Government of His Majesty the King of Morocco will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State.MozambiqueReservation:“The Republic of Mozambique reserves itself the right to enforce the provisions of the said Conventions on the base of reciprocity, where the artibral awards have been pronounced in the territory of another Contracting State.”NepalDeclaration:"The Kingdom of Nepal will apply the Convention, on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another contracting state. [The Government of Nepal] further declares that the Kingdom of Nepal will apply the Convention only to the differences arising out of legal relationship, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the law of the Kingdom of Nepal."Netherlands (Kingdom of the)Referring to paragraph 3 of article I of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, the Government of the Kingdom declares that it will apply the Con- vention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State.New ZealandDeclarations:"In accordance with paragraph 3 of article 1 of the Con- vention, the Government of New Zealand declares that it will apply the Convention, on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State."Accession to the Convention by the Government of New Zealand shall not extend for the time being, pursuant to article X of the Convention, to the Cook Islands and Niue."Nigeria"In accordance with paragraph 3 of article I of the Conven- tion, the Federal Military Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria declares that it will apply the Convention on the basis of reciprocity to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of a State party to this Convention and to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria."North Macedonia<superscript>2,8</superscript>Norway"1. [The Government of Norway] will apply the Convention only to the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of one of the Contracting States.""2. [The Government of Norway] will not apply the Con- vention to differences where the subject matter of the proceedings is immovable property situated in Norway, or a right in or to such property."PakistanDeclaration:"The Islamic Republic of Pakistan will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of [a] Contracting State."Palau<right>31 March 2020</right>“the Republic of Palau […] undertakes to apply [the provisions of the Convention], on the basis of reciprocity, only to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made in the territory of another Contracting State; the Republic of Palau will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the laws of the Republic of Palau; and the Convention will be applied only to those arbitral awards which were adopted after the coming of the Convention into effect.”PhilippinesUpon signature:Reservation"The Philippine delegation signs <i>ad referendum </i> this Con-vention with the reservation that it does so on the basis of reciprocity."Declaration"The Philippines will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another contracting State pursuant to Article I, paragraph 3 of the Convention."<i>Declaration made upon ratification: </i> "The Philippines, on the basis of reciprocity, will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State and only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of the State making such declaration."PolandUpon signature<i>Reservation:</i>"With reservation as mentioned in article I, para. 3."Republic of Korea"By virtue of paragraph 3 of article I of the present Convention, the Government of the Republic of Korea declares that it will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State. It further declares that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under its national law."Republic of Moldova"The Convention will be applied to the Republic of Moldova only relating those arbitral awards that have been brought after entering into force of the Convention.The Convention will be applied tot he Republic of Moldova, on the basis of reciprocity, only relating those awards made in the territory of another Contracting State.”RomaniaThe Romanian People's Republic will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under its legislation.The Romanian People's Republic will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the terri- tory of another Contracting State. As regards awards made in the territory of certain non-contracting States, the Romanian People's Republic will apply the Convention only on the basis of reciprocity established by joint agreement between the parties.Russian FederationThe Union of Soviet Socialist Republics will apply the pro-visions of this Convention in respect of arbitral awards made in the territories of non-contracting States only to the extent to which they grant reciprocal treatment.Saudi ArabiaDeclaration:On the Basis of reciprocity, the Kingdom declares that it shall restrict the application of the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made in the territory of a Contracting State.Serbia<superscript>2</superscript>Confirmation upon succession:Reservation:"1. The Convention is applied in regard to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia only to those arbitral awards which were adopted after the coming of the Convention into effect."2. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia will apply the Convention on a reciprocal basis only to those arbitral awards which were adopted on the territory of the other State Party to the Convention."3. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia will apply the Convention [only] with respect to the disputes arising from the legal relations, contractual and non-contractual, which, according to its national legislation are considered as economic."<i>In a latter declaration dated 28 June 1982, the Government of Yugoslavia had specified that : </i>“the first reservation only constituted an affirmation of the legal principle of retroactivity and that the third reservation being essentially in accordance with article I (3) of the Convention, the word "only" was therefore to be added to the original text and note taken that the word "economic" had been used therein as a synonym for "commercial".Seychelles<superscript>25</superscript>Declaration:“- the Republic of Seychelles will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State; and- [the Republic of Seychelles] will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under Seychelles national law.”Sierra LeoneReservation and declaration:“1. In accordance with article 1 (3) of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, the Government of the Republic of Sierra Leone declares that it will apply the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards made only in the Territory of another Contracting State.2. In accordance with article 1 (3) of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, the Government of the Republic of Sierra Leone declares that it will apply the Convention on differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered commercial under the Laws of Sierra Leone.3. The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards only applies in the Republic of Sierra Leone with respect to arbitration agreements concluded and arbitral awards rendered after the date of its accession to the Convention.”Singapore"The Republic of Singapore will on the basis of reciprocity apply the said Convention to the recognition and enforcement of only those awards which are made in the territory of another Contracting State."Slovakia<superscript>4</superscript>Slovenia<superscript>2,26</superscript>St. Vincent and the GrenadinesDeclaration:“In accordance with article 1 of [the] Convention, the Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines declares that they will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State. They further declare that they will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the laws of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.”SurinameDeclaration made upon accession:"[Suriname declares that] … on the basis of reciprocity … it will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State. It [further declares] that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of [Suriname]."Switzerland<superscript>27</superscript>TajikistanReservation“The Republic of Tajikistan will apply this Convention to differences and arbitral [a]wards arised out after entering into force of this Convention with respect to the Republic of Tajikistan and made in the territory of another Contracting State;The Republic of Tajikistan will not apply this Convention with regard to differences related to immovable property.”TongaReservation:“… the Government of the Kingdom of Tonga will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of the Kingdom of Tonga.”Trinidad and Tobago"In accordance with article I of the Convention, the Govern- ment of Trinidad and Tobago declares that it will apply the Con- vention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago further declares that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the Law of Trinidad and Tobago."TunisiaWith the reservations provided for in article I, paragraph 3, of the Convention, that is to say, the Tunisian State will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State and only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the Tunisian law.TürkiyeDeclaration:In accordance with the Article I, paragraph 3 of the Conven- tion, the Republic of Turkey declares that it will apply the Con- vention on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another contracting State. It further declares that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under its national law.TurkmenistanDeclarations and Reservations:In accordance with article I (3) of the Convention, the Government of Turkmenistan declares that it will apply this Convention only to the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another Contracting State.In accordance with article I (3) of the Convention, the Government of Turkmenistan declares that it will apply this Convention only in relation to disputes which are considered as commercial disputes under the national law of Turkmenistan.The Government of Turkmenistan will apply this Convention only to the recognition and enforcement of awards which are rendered after the Convention enters into force for it.UgandaDeclaration:"The Republic of Uganda will only apply the Convention to recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another Contracting State."UkraineThe Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic will apply the pro-visions of this Convention in respect of arbitral awards made in the territories of non-contracting States only to the extent to which they grant reciprocal treatment.United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland<superscript>21</superscript><right>5 May 1980</right>"The United Kingdom will apply the Convention only to the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another Contracting State. This declaration is also made on behalf of Gibraltar, Hong Kong and the Isle of Man to which the Convention has been extended."United Republic of Tanzania"The Government of the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar will apply the Convention, in accordance with the first sentence of article I (3) thereof, only to the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another Contracting State."United States of America"The United States of America will apply the Convention, on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of only those awards made in the territory of another Contracting State."The United States of America will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of the United States."Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)Declarations:(a) The Republic of Venezuela will apply the Convention only to the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards made in the territory of another Contracting State.(b) The Republic of Venezuela will apply the present Con- vention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under its national law.Viet NamDeclarations:1. [The Socialist Republic of Viet Nam] considers the Convention to be applicable to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State. With respect to arbitral awards made in the territories of non-contracting States, it will apply the Convention on the basis of reciprocity.2. The Convention will be applied only to differences arising out of legal relationships which are considered as commercial under the laws of Viet Nam.3. Interpretation of the Convention before the Vietnamese Courts or competent authorities should be made in accordance with the Constitution and the law of Viet Nam.Germany<superscript>6</superscript><right>29 December 1989</right>The Federal Republic of Germany is of the opinion that the second paragraph of the declaration of the Argentine Republic represents a reservation and as such is not only contradictory to article I (3) of the Convention but is also vague and hence inad- missible; it therefore raises an objection to that reservation.In all other respects this objection is not intended to prevent the entry into force of the Convention between the Argentine Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany.United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland<i>Belize, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Guernsey, Jersey</i>[The Convention will apply] . . . "in accordance with article I, paragraph 3 thereof, only to the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another Contracting State."

ParticipantDate of receipt of the notificationTerritories

Australia26 Mar 1975All the external territories for the international relations of which Australia is responsible other than Papua New GuineaDenmark<superscript>28</superscript>10 Feb 1976Faroe Islands and GreenlandFrance26 Jun 1959All the territories of the French RepublicNetherlands (Kingdom of the)<superscript>29</superscript>24 Apr 1964Netherlands Antilles and SurinameUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland<superscript>3,30</superscript>24 Sep 1975Gibraltar21 Jan 1977Hong Kong22 Feb 1979Isle of Man14 Nov 1979Bermuda26 Nov 1980Belize and Cayman Islands19 Apr 1985Guernsey28 May 2002Bailiwick of Jersey24 Feb 2014British Virgin IslandsUnited States of America 3 Nov 1970All the territories for the international relations of which the United States of America is responsible1<i> Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Twenty-first Session, Supplement No. 1 </i> (E/2889), p. 5.2The former Yugoslavia had acceded to the Convention on 26 February 1982 with the following reservation: "1. The Convention is applied in regard to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia only to those arbitral awards which were adopted after the coming of the Convention into effect. “2. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia will apply the Convention on a reciprocal basis only to those arbitral awards which were adopted on the territory of the other State Party to the Convention.” "3. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia will apply the Convention [only] with respect to the disputes arising from the legal relations, contractual and non-contractual, which, according to its national legislation are considered as economic." In a latter declaration dated 28 June 1982, the Government of Yugoslavia had specified that the first reservation only constituted an affirmation of the legal principle of retroactivity and that the third reservation being essentially in accordance with article I (3) of the Convention, the word "only" was therefore to be added to the original text and note taken that the word "economic" had been used therein as a synonym for "commercial". See also note 1 under “Bosnia and Herzegovina”, Croatia, “former Yugoslavia” , “Slovenia”, “The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia” and “Yugoslavia” in the “Historical Information” section in the front matter of this volume.3On 6 and 10 June 1997, the Secretary-General received communications concerning the status of Hong Kong from the Governments of the United Kingdom and China (see also note 2 under “China” and note 2 under “United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland” regarding Hong Kong in the “Historical Information” section in the front matter of this volume). Upon resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, China notified the Secretary-General that the Convention with the reservation made by China will also apply to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.On 19 July 2005, the Secretary-General received the following declaration from the Government of China:In accordance with the provisions of Article 138 of the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the People's Republic of China decides that the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards shall apply to the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. The statement made by the Government of the People's Republic of China when acceding to the Convention on January 22, 1987, also applies to the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.4Czechoslovakia had signed and ratified the Convention on 3 October 1958 and 10 July 1959, with a declaration. For the text of the declaration, see United Nations, <i>Treaty Series </i>, vol. 330, p. 69. See also note 1 under “Czech Republic” and note 1 under “Slovakia” in the “Historical Information” section in the front matter of this volume.5See note 1 under “Germany” in the “Historical Information” section in the front matter of this volume.6The German Democratic Republic had acceded to the Convention with declarations, on 20 February 1975. For the text of the declarations, see United Nations, <i>Treaty Series </i>, vol. 959, p. 841. See also note 2 under “Germany” in the “Historical Information” section in the front matter of this volume.7See note 1 under "Montenegro" in the "Historical Information" section in the front matter of this volume.8On 16 September 2009, the Government of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia notified the Secretary-General of its decision to withdraw the reservation made upon succession to the Convention. The text of the reservation withdrawn reads as follows: “2. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia will apply the Convention on a reciprocal basis only to those arbitral awards which were adopted on the territory of the other State Party to the Convention.”9On 12 November 1999, the Government of Portugal informed the Secretary-General that the Convention will apply to Macau.Subsequently, the Secretary-General received, on 9 December 1999, from the Government of Portugal, the following communication:“In accordance with the Joint Declaration of the Government of the Portuguese Republic and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Macau signed on 13 April 1987, the Portuguese Republic will continue to have international responsibility for Macau until 19 December 1999 and from that date onwards the People's Republic of China will resume the exercise of sovereignty over Macau with effect from 20 December 1999.From 20 December 1999 onwards the Portuguese Republic will cease to be responsible for the international rights and obligations arising from the application of the Convention to Macau."10Accession by the United Arab Republic. See also note 1 under “United Arab Republic” in the “Historical Information” section in the front matter of this volume.11On 20 October 2015, the Government of Ukraine made a communication. The text can be found here: C.N.597.2015.TREATIES-XXII.1 of 20 October 2015.12On 4 March 2022, the Government of Ukraine made a communication. The text can be found here: C.N.66.2022.TREATIES-XXII.1 of 8 March 2022.13 On 24 February 2014, the Government the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland informed the Secretary-General of the Territorial Application in respect of the British Virgin Island.14The declaration made upon signature and contained in the Final Act read as follows:"If another Contracting Party extends the application of the Convention to territories which fall within the sovereignty of the Argentine Republic, the rights of the Argentine Republic shall in no way be affected by that extension."15In a communication received on 25 February 1988, the Government of Austria notified the Secretary-General of its decision to withdraw as from that date, the reservation made upon accession to the Convention. For the text of the reservation, see United Nations, <i>Treaty Series </i>, vol. 395, p. 274.16In a communication received by the Secretary-General on 23 June 1980, the Government of Israel declared the following: "The Government of Israel has noted the political character of the statement made by the Government of Jordan. In the view of the Government of Israel, this Convention is not the proper place for making such political pronouncements. Moreover, the said declaration cannot in any way affect whatever obligations are binding upon Jordan under general international law or under particular conventions. "Insofar as concerns the substance of the matter, the Government of Israel will adopt towards the Government of Jordan an attitude of complete reciprocity." A communication identical in essence, <i>mutatis mutandis </i>, was received by the Secretary-General, on 22 September 1988, from the Government of Israel in respect of the declaration made by Bahrain upon accession.17On 8 July 2021, the Government of Bahrain notified the Secretary-General of its withdrawal of the following declaration made upon accession: “The accession by the State of Bahrain to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1958 shall in no way constitute recognition of Israel or be a cause for the establishment of any relations of any kind therewith.”18The declaration by Canada received on 20 May 1987, and which originally comprised two parts, was made after accession. It was com- municated by the Secretary-General to all States. None of the Con-tracting Parties having expressed an objection within a period of 90 days from the date of the above-mentioned communication [22 July 1987], the declaration was deemed to have been accepted and replaces the declaration made upon accession which read as follows:"The Government of Canada declares, with respect to the Province of Alberta, that it will apply the Convention only to the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another Contracting State."The Government of Canada declares that it will apply the Con- vention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of Canada."Subsequently, on 25 November 1988, the Government of Canada notified the Secretary-General of its decision to withdraw, with effect from that date, the second part of its revised declaration received on 20 May 1987 which read as follows:"The Government of Canada declares, with respect to the Province of Saskatchewan, that it will apply the Convention only to the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another Contracting State."19In a communication received on 27 November 1989, the Government of France notified the Secretary-General of its decision to withdraw, with effect from that date, the declaration relating to the second sentence of its declaration relating to paragraph 3 of article I made upon ratification. For the text of the declaration so withdrawn, see United Nations, <i>Treaty Series </i>, vol. 336, p. 426.20In a communication received on 31 August 1998, the Government of Germany notified the Secretary-General of its decision to withdraw the reservation made upon ratification of the Convention. For the text of the reservation, see United Nations, <i> Treaty Series </i>, vol. 399, p.286.21Since the declaration [by Greece and by the United Kingdom] had been made after accession, it was communicated by the Secretary-General to all States concerned on 10 June 1980. None of the Contracting Parties having expressed an objection within a period of 90 days from the date of the above-mentioned communication, the declaration was deemed to have been accepted.22 In keeping with the depositary practice followed in similar cases, the Secretary-General received the declaration in deposit in the absence of any objection on the part of any of the Contracting States, either to the deposit itself or to the procedure envisaged, within a period of 12 months from the date of the corresponding depositary notification lodged with the Secretary-General on 27 August 2012. As such, the above declaration was accepted in deposit upon the expiration of the abovestipulated 12-month period, that is on 27 August 2013.23In keeping with the depositary practice followed in similar cases, the Secretary-General proposed to receive the reservation in question for deposit in the absence of any objection on the part of any of the Contracting States, either to the depositary itself or to the procedure envisaged, within a period of one year from the date of the notification (i.e. 17 October 2002). Within a period of one year from the date of the above depositary notification, none of the Contracting Parties to the above Convention notified the Secretary-General of an objection. Consequently, the reservation is deemed to have been accepted for deposit upon the expiration of the one year period, i.e., on 17 October 2003.24 On 24 May 2013, the Government of Mauritius notified the Secretary-General of its decision to withdraw partially the declaration made upon accession to the Convention with respect to Article 1 (3): "In accordance with paragraph 3 of article 1 of the Convention, the Republic of Mauritius declares that it will, on the basis of reciprocity, apply the Convention only to the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another Contracting State."25The declarations made by Seychelles were accepted in deposit on 22 July 2021 in the absence of any objection on the part of one of the Contracting Parties, either to the deposit itself or to the procedure envisaged, within the one-year period from the date of the notification circulating the declarations.26On 4 June 2008, the Government of the Republic of Slovenia notified the Secretary-General of its decision to withdraw the declaration made upon succession to the Convention. The text of the declaration reads as follows: “In accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 1, the Republic of Slovenia will apply the Convention, on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of only those awards made in the territory of another Contracting State. The Republic of Slovenia will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of the Republic of Slovenia.”27On 23 April 1993, the Government of Switzerland notified the Secretary-General of its decision to withdraw the declaration made upon ratification. For the text of the declaration, see United Nations, <i>Treaty Series </i>, vol. 536, p. 477.28At the time of acceding to the Convention the Government of Denmark declared, in accordance with article X (1), that it would not apply for the time being to the Faeroe Islands and Greenland. In a communication received on 12 November 1975, the Government of Denmark declared that it had withdrawn the above-mentioned declaration, this decision to take effect on 1 January 1976. In a further communication received on 5 January 1978, the Government of Denmark confirmed that the communication received by the Secretary-General on 12 November 1975 should be considered as having taken effect from 10 February 1976, in accordance with article X (2), it being understood that the Convention was applied <i>de facto </i> to the Faeroe Islands and Greenland from 1 January to 9 February 1976.29See note 1 under “Netherlands” regarding Aruba/Netherlands Antilles in the “Historical Information” section in the front matter of this volume.30See also under <i>"Declarations and Reservations" </i> for the reservation made by the United Kingdom, which was also made on behalf of Gibraltar, Hong Kong <i>(see also note 3 ) </i> and the Isle of Man.