Austria

Declarations:

       "Declaration concerning the competence of the Republic of Austria with regard to matters governed by the Agreement on the implementation of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks.

       The Republic of Austria declares upon ratification of the Agreement on the implementation of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks that she has, as a Member State of the European Community, transferred competence to the Community in respect of the following matters governed by the Agreement:

       I.     Matters for which the Community has exclusive competence
       1.    Member States have transferred competence to the Community with regard to the conservation and management of living marine resources.  Hence, in this field, it is for the Community to adopt the relevant rules and regulations (which the Member States enforce) and within its competence to enter into external undertakings with third States or competent organisations.  This competence applies in regard of waters under national fisheries jurisdiction and to the high seas.
       2.    The Community enjoys the regulatory competence granted under international law to the flag State of a vessel to determine the conservation and management measures for marine fisheries resources applicable to vessels flying the flag of Member States and to ensure that Member States adopt provisions allowing for the implementation of the said measures.
       3.    Nevertheless, measures applicable in respect of masters and other officers of fishing vessels, for example refusal, withdrawal or suspension of authorisations to serve as such, are within the competence of the Member States in accordance with their national legislation.  Measures relating to the exercise of jurisdiction by the flag State over its vessels on the high seas, in particular provisions such as those related to the taking and relinquishing of control of fishing vessels by States other than the flag State, international cooperation in respect of enforcement and the recovery of the control of their vessels, are within the competence of the Member States in compliance with Community law.
       II.    Matters for which both the Community and its Member States have competence

       4.    The Community shares competence with its Member States on the following matters governed by this Agreement:  requirements of developing States, scientific research, port-State measures and measures adopted in respect of non-members of regional fisheries organisations and non-Parties to the Agreement.  The following provisions of the Agreement apply both to the Community and to its Member States:

       -   general provisions: (articles 1, 4, and 34 to 50)

       -   dispute settlement:  (Part VIII)."

       Interpretative Declarations by the Republic of Austria with regard to the Agreement on the implementation of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks
       1.   The Republic of Austria understands that the terms ‘geographical particularities', ‘specific characteristics of the sub-region or region', ‘socioeconomic geographical and environment factors', ‘natural characteristics of that sea' or any other similar terms employed in reference to a geographical region do not prejudice the rights and duties of States under international law.
       2.   The Republic of Austria understands that no provision of this Agreement may be interpreted in such a way as to conflict with the principle of freedom of the high seas, recognised by international law.
       3.    The Republic of Austria understands that the term ‘States whose nationals fish on the highll not provide any new grounds for jurisdiction based on the nationality of persons involved in fishing on the high seas rather than on the principle of flag State jurisdiction.
       4.    The Agreement does not grant any State the right to maintain or apply unilateral measures during the transitional period as referred to in article 21 (3).  Thereafter, if no agreement has been reached, States shall act only in accordance with the provisions provided for in articles 21 and 22 of the Agreement.
       5.    Regarding the application of article 21, the Republic of Austria understands that, when a flag State declares that it intends to exercise its authority, in accordance with the provisions in article 19, over a fishing vessel flying its flag, the authorities of the inspecting State shall not purport to exercise any further authority under the provisions of article 21 over such a vessel.  Any dispute related to this issue shall be settled in accordance with the procedures provided for in Part VIII of the Agreement.  No State may invoke this type of dispute to remain in control of a vessel which does not fly its flag.  In addition, the Republic of Austria considers that the word ‘unlawful' in article 21 (18) of the Agreement should be interpreted in the light of the whole Agreement, and in particular, articles 4 and 35 thereof.
       6.   The Republic of Austria reiterates that all States shall refrain in their relations from the threat or use of force in accordance with general principles of international law, the United Nations Charter and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. In addition, the Republic of Austria underlines that the use of force as referred to in article 22 constitutes an exceptional measure which must be based on the strictest compliance with the principle of proportionality and that any abuse thereof shall imply the international liability of the inspecting State.  Any case of non-compliance shall be resolved by peaceful means and in accordance wi the applicable dispute-settlement procedures.  Furthermore, the Republic of Austria considers that the relevant terms and conditions for boarding and inspection should be further elaborated in accordance with the relevant principles of international law in the framework of the appropriate regional and subregional fisheries management organisations and arrangements.
       7.   The Republic of Austria understands that in the application of the provisions of article 21 (6), (7) and (8), the flag State may rely on the requirements of its legal system under which the prosecuting authorities enjoy a discretion to decide whether or not to prosecute in the light of all the facts of a case.  Decisions of the flag State based on such requirements shall not be interpreted as failure to respond or to take action."
       Confirmation by the Republic of Austria of the declarations made by the European Community upon ratification of the Agreement for the implementing of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks

       The Republic of Austria hereby confirms the declarations made by the European Community upon ratification of the Agreement for the implementing of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks,... :"

       [See declarations under “European Community”.]

Bulgaria

Declaration:

       "The Republic of Bulgaria declares that the declarations made by the European Community upon ratification of the 1995 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, with regard to the transfer of competence by the Member States to the European Community in respect of certain matters governed by the Agreement, shall be also applicable to the Republic of Bulgaria as from the date of its accession to the European Union."

Chile

       Declaration made upon accession:

       The Republic of Chile declares that the provisions of the 1995 Agreement must be implemented and interpreted in accordance with the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982. Therefore, the Republic of Chile understands that the Agreement does not affect the sovereign rights, jurisdiction and competences of coastal States in conformity with the Convention.
       In the interests of the protection, conservation and sustainable use of the ocean and its resources, and in particular, the competences, sovereign rights and jurisdiction of States in the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, and the law applicable on the high seas, the Republic of Chile considers that the general principles and the ecosystem and precautionary approaches under articles 5 and 6 of the Agreement are crucial to the management of fishing activities carried out in maritime areas for the sustainability of activities and the comprehensive protection of the marine environment.
       In conformity with international law and States’ sovereignty over ports in their territory, the Republic of Chile understands that the rights of the port State, under article 23 of the Agreement, do not prevent the port State from taking stricter measures than those provided for in the Agreement, in accordance with international law.
       With regard to articles 21 and 22 of the Agreement, the Republic of Chile understands that these rules contain useful mechanisms to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, and that regional fisheries organizations and arrangements should adopt procedures for boarding and inspection consistent with the rules of the Agreement. Inspections conducted in accordance with this Agreement must be carried out taking into account all necessary steps to ensure the safety of the crew and inspectors. The use of force provided for in article 22 (1) (f) of the Agreement is an exceptional measure that must conform to the principle of proportionality. Any disputes arising in the implementation of that rule should be settled by the appropriate peaceful means.
       Under article 42 of the Agreement, no reservations or exceptions may be made thereto. Therefore, declarations made by States parties in conformity with article 43 may not exclude or modify the legal effect of the provisions of the Agreement in their application to the State that made such a declaration. The Republic of Chile declares that it shall neither take into account nor be bound in any way by the declarations of third States in connection with the present Agreement, or by the declarations made by States parties to the Agreement, invoking article 43, that exclude or modify the effects of its rules.
       Likewise, the Republic of Chile reserves the right to adopt a formal position, at any time, vis-à-vis any declaration that might be made or that has been made by a third State or a State party in relation to matters governed by the Agreement. Not taking a position or not responding to a declaration by such States shall not be interpreted or invoked as tacit consent or endorsement of said declaration.

       For the purposes of the Agreement, the Republic of Chile reaffirms the declaration it made upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 with regard to part XV of the Convention on the settlement of disputes. The Republic of Chile reiterates that:

       (a) In accordance with article 287 of the Convention, it accepts, in order of preference, the following means for the settlement ofdisputes concerning the interpretation or application of the Agreement:

       (i) The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea established in accordance with annex VI of the Convention;
       (ii) A special arbitral tribunal, established in accordance with annex VIII of the Convention, for the categories of disputes specified therein relating to fisheries, protection and preservation of the marine environment, and marine scientific research and navigation, including pollution from vessels and by dumping.
       (b) In accordance with articles 280 to 282 of the Convention, the choice of means for the settlement of disputes indicated in the preceding paragraph shall in no way affect the obligations deriving from the general, regional or bilateral agreements to which the Republic of Chile is a party concerning the peaceful settlement of disputes or containing provisions for the settlement of disputes.
        (c) In accordance with article 298 of the Convention, Chile declares that it does not accept any of the procedures provided for in part XV, section 2, with respect to the disputes referred to in article 298, paragraph 1 (a), (b) and (c) of the Convention.

Croatia

Declaration:

       “The Republic of Croatia declares that the declarations made by the European Union upon the ratification of the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, with regard to the transfer of competences by the Member States to the European Union in respect of the certain matters governed by the Agreement, after the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union also apply to the Republic of Croatia.”

Denmark

Declaration:

       "In this respect, the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark recalls that as a Member of the European Community, Denmark has transferred competence to the European Community in respect of certain matters governed by the Agreement, which are specified in the Annex to this letter.  This Annex also contains interpretative declarations by the European Community and its Member States to the Agreement.
       At the same time, [Denmark] hereby confirms the declarations1 made by the European Community upon ratification of the Agreement."
       [See declarations under “European Community”.]

European Union

Upon signature:

Declaration concerning the competence of the European Community with regard to matters governed by the [said Agreement]

       (Declaration made pursuant to article 47 of the Agreement):

       "1. Article 47(1) of the Agreement on the implementation of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks provides that in cases where an international organization referred to in annex IX, article 1, of the Convention does not have competence over all the matter governed by the Agreement, annex IX of the Convention [with the exception of article 2, first sentence, and article 3(1)] shall apply mutatis mutandis to participation by such international organization in the Agreement.
       2. The current members of the Community are the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, Ireland, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Republic of Austria, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Sweden and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
       3. The Agreement on the implementation of the provisions of the [said Convention] shall apply, with regard to the competences transferred to the European Community, to the territories in which the Treaty establishing the European Community is applied and under the conditions laid down in that Treaty, in particular article 227 thereof.
       4. This declaration is not applicable in the case of the territories of the Member States in which the said Treaty does not apply and is without prejudice to such acts or positions as may be adopted under the Agreement by the Member States concerned on behalf of and in the interests of those territories.
       I. Matters for which the Community has exclusive competence
       5. The Community points out that its Member States have transferred competence to it with regard to the conservation and management of living marine resources. Hence, in this field, it is for the Community to adopt the relevant rules and regulations (which the Member States enforce) and within its competence to enter into external undertakings with third States or competent organizations.
       This competence applies in regard of waters under national fisheries jurisdiction and to the high seas.
       6. The Community enjoys the regulatory competence granted under international law to the flag State of a vessel to determine the conservation and management measures for marine fisheries resources applicable to vessels flying the flag of Member States and to ensure that Member States adopt provisions allowing for the implementation of the said measures.
       7. Nevertheless, measures applicable in respect of masters and other officers of fishing vessels, e.g., refusal, withdrawal or suspension of authorizations to serve as such, are within the competence of the Member States in accordance with their national legislation.
       Measures relating to the exercise of jurisdiction by the flag State over its vessels on the high seas, in particular provisions such as those related to the taking and relinquishing of control of fishing vessels by States other than the flag State, international cooperation in  respect of enforcement and the recovery of the control of their vessels, are within the competence of the Member States in compliance with Community law.
       II. Matters relating forwhich both the Community and its Member States have competence

       8. The Community shares competence with its Member States on the following matters governed by this Agreement: requirements of developing States, scientific research, port State measures and measures adopted in respect of non-members of regional fisheries organizations and non-Parties to the Agreement.

       The following provisions of the Agreement apply both to the Community and to its Member States:

       -- general provisions: (Articles 1, 4 and 34 to 50)

       -- dispute settlement: (Part VIII)

       Interpretative declarations:

       1. The European Community and its Member States understand that the terms "geographical particularities", "specific characteristics of the sub-region", "socio-economic geographical and environmental factors", "natural characteristics of that sea" or any other similar terms employed in reference to a geographical region do not prejudice the rights and duties of States under International law.
       2. The European Community and its Member States understand that no provision of this Agreement may be interpreted in such a way as to conflict with the principle of freedom of the high seas, as recognized by international law.
       3. The European  Community and its Member States understand that the term "States whose nationals fish on the high seas" shall not provide any new grounds for jurisdiction based on the nationality of persons involved in fishing on the high seas rather than on the principle of flag State jurisdiction.
       4. The Agreement does not grant any State the right to maintain or apply unilateral measures during the transitional period as referred to in article 21 (3). Thereafter, if no agreement has been reached, States shall act only in accordance with the provisions provided for in articles 21 and 22 of the Agreement.
       5. Regarding the application of article 21, the European Community and its Member States understand that, when a flag State declares that it intends to exercise its authority, in accordance with the provisions in article 19, over a fishing vessel flying its flag, the authorities of the inspecting State shall not purport to exercise any other authority under the provisions of article 21 over such vessel.
       Any dispute related to this issue shall be settled in accordance with the procedures provided for in Part VIII of the Agreement. NoState may invoke this type of dispute to remain in control of a vessel which does not fly its flag.
       In addition, the European Community and its Member States consider that the word "unlawful" in article 21, paragraph 18 of the Agreement should be interpreted in the light of the whole Agreement, and in particular, articles 4 and 35 thereof.
       6. The European Community and its Member States reiterate that all States shall refrain in their relations from the threat or use of force in accordance with general principles of international law, the United Nations Charter and the United Nations Law of the Sea.
       Furthermore, the European Community and its Member States consider that the relevant terms and  conditions for boarding and inspection should be further elaborated in accordance with the relevant principles of international law in the framework of the appropriate regional and sub-regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements.
       7. The European Community and its Member States understand that in the application of the provisions of article 21 paragraphs 6, 7 and 8, the flag State may rely on the requirements of its legal system under which the prosecuting authorities enjoy a discretion to decide whether or not to prosecute in the light of all the facts of a case. Decisions of the flag State based on such requirements shall not be interpreted as failure to respond or to take action."

Upon ratification:

       Declarations:

       “Pursuant to article 4 of Annex IX of the Convention, rendered applicable mutatis mutandis in the context of the Agreement by virtue of its article 47 (1), the European Community accepts the rights and obligations of States under the Agreement in respect of matters relating to which competence has been transferred to it by Member States which are parties to the Agreement."

       Declaration made pursuant to article 47 of the Agreement:

       "1. Article 47 (1) of the Agreement on the implementation of the provis of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks provides that in cases where an international organization referred to in Annex IX, article 1, of the Convention does not have competence over all the matters governed by the Agreement, Annex IX of the Convention (with the exception of article 2, first sentence, and article 3 (1)) shall apply mutatis mutandis to participation by such international organization in the Agreement.
       2. The current members of the Community are the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, Ireland, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Republic of Austria, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Sweden and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
       3. The Agreement on the implementation of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks shall apply, with regard to the competences transferred to the European Community, to the territories in which the Treaty establishing the European Community is applied and under the conditions laid down in that Treaty, in particular article 227 thereof.
       4. This declaration is not applicable in the case of the territories of the Member States in which the said Treaty does not apply and is without prejudice to such acts or positions as may be adopted under the Agreement by the Member States concerned on behalf of and in the interests of those territories.
       I.  MATTERS FOR WHICH THE COMMUNITY HAS EXCLUSIVE COMPETENCE
       5. The Community points out that its Member States have transferred competence to it with regard to the conservation and management of living marine resources.  Hence, in this field, it is for the Community to adopt the relevant rules and regulations (which the Member States enforce) and within its competence to enter into external undertakings with third States or competent organizations.  This competence applies in regard of waters under national fisheries jurisdiction and to the high seas.
       6. The Community enjoys the regulatory competence granted under international law to the flag State of a vessel to determine the conservation and management measures for marine fisheries resources applicable to vessels flying the flag of Member States and to ensure that Member States adopt provisions allowing for the implementation of the said measures.
       7. Nevertheless, measures applicable in respect of masters and other officers of fishing vessels, e.g., refusal, withdrawal or suspension of authorizations to serve as such, are within the competence of the Member States in accordance with their national legislation.
       Measures relating to the exercise of jurisdiction by the flag State over its vessels on the high seas, in particular provisions such as those related to the taking and relinquishing of control of fishing vessels by States other than the flag State, international cooperation in respect of enforcement and the recovery of the control of their vessels, are within the competence of the Member States in compliance with Community law.
       II.  MATTERS FOR WHICH BOTH THE COMMUNITY AND ITS MEMBER STATES HAVE COMPETENCE

       8. The Community shares competence with its Member States on the following matters governed by this Agreement:  requirements of developing States, scientific research, port-State measures and measures adopted in respect of non-members of regional fisheries organizations and non-Parties to the Agreement.

       The following provisions of the Agreement apply both to the Community and to its Member States:

       --   general provisions:  (Articles 1, 4 and 34 to 50)

       --   dispute settlement:  (Part VIII)."

       Interpretative declarations deposited by the Community and its Member States upon ratification of the Agreement
       "1. The European Community and its Member States understand that the terms ‘geographical particularities', ‘specific characteristics of the sub-region or region', ‘socio-economic geographical and environmental factors', ‘natural characteristics of that sea' or any other similar terms employed in reference to a geographical region do not prejudice the rights and duties of States under international law.
       2. The European Community and its Member States understand that no provision of this Agreement may be interpreted in such a way as to conflict with the principle of freedom of the high seas, recognized by international law.
       3. The European Community and its Member States understand that the term ‘States whose nationals fish on the high seas' shall not provide any new grounds for jurisdiction based on the nationality of persons involved in fishing on the high seas rather than on the principle of flag State jurisdiction.
       4. The Agreement does not grant any State the right to maintain or apply unilateral measures during the transitional period as referred to in article 21 (3).  Thereafter, if no agreement has been reached, States shall act only in accordance with the provisions provided for in articles 21 and 22 of the Agreement.
       5. Regarding the application of article 21, the European Community and its Member States understand that, when a flag State declares that it intends to exercise its authority, in accordance with the provisions in article 19, over a fishing vessel flying its flag, the authorities of the inspecting State shall not purport to exercise any further authority under the provisions of article 21 over such a vessel.
       Any dispute related to this issue shall be settled in accordance with the procedures provided for in Part VIII of the Agreement. No State may invoke this type of dispute to remain in control of a vessel which does not fly its flag.
       In addition, the European Commits Member States consider that the word ‘unlawful' in article 21, para 18 of the Agreement should be interpreted in the light of the whole Agreement, and in particular, articles 4 and 35 thereof.
       6. The European Community and its Member States reiterate that all States shall refrain in their relations from the threat or use of force in accordance with general principles ofinternational law, the United Nations Charter and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
       In addition, the European Community and its Member States underline that the use of force as referred to in article 22 constitutes an exceptional measure which must be based upon the strictest compliance with the principle of proportionality and that any abuse thereof shall imply the international liability of the inspecting State. Any case of non-compliance shall be resolved by peaceful means and in accordance with the applicable dispute-settlement procedures.
       Furthermore, the European Community and its Member States consider that the relevant terms and conditions for boarding and inspection should be further elaborated in accordance with the relevant principles of international law in the framework of the appropriate regional and subregional fisheries management organizations and arrangements.
       7. The European Community and its Member States understand that in the application of the provisions of article 21, paragraphs 6, 7 and 8, the flag State may rely on the requirements of its legal system under which the prosecuting authorities enjoy a discretion to decide whether or not to prosecute in the light of all the facts of a case.  Decisions of the flag State based on such requirements shall not be interpreted as failure to respond or to take action."

France

Upon signature

Declarations:

       1. The Government of the French Republic recalls that the requirements for implementing the Agreement must be strictly in conformity with the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
       2. The Government of the French Republic hereby declares that the provisions of article 21 and 22 apply only to maritime fishing operations.
       3. These provisions cannot be regarded as capable of being extended to cover vessels engaged in maritime transport under another international instrument, or of being transferred to any instrument not dealing directly with the conservation and management of fisheries resources covered by the Agreement.

Upon ratification:

Declarations

       Declaration :

       In accordance with article 47.1 of the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (with two annexes), done at New York on 4 December 1995, of which the United Nations is the depository, and in accordance with article 5.2 of annex IX to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Government of the French Republic hereby declares that, as a member of the European Community, France has transferred competences dealt with in the Agreement to the European Community. These competences are listed in an annex to this declaration.
       The Government of the French Republic also confirms the content of the declarations made by the European Community upon ratification of the Agreement.
       [See declarations under “European Community”.]

       Interpretative declarations:

       1. In ratifying the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, the Gnment of the French Republic declares that it considers that the Agreement constitutes an important effort to ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable use of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks and to promote international cooperation to that end.
       2. The Government of the French Republic understands that the terms "geographical particularities", "specific characteristics of the subregion or region", "socio-economic, geographical and environmental factors", "natural characteristics of that sea" or any other similar terms employed in reference to a geographical region do not prejudice the rights and duties of States under international law.
       3. The Government of the French Republic understands that no provision of this Agreement may be interpreted in such a way as to conflict with the principle of freedom of the high seas recognized by international law.
       4. The Government of the French Republic understands that the term "States whose nationals fish on the high seas" shall not provide any new grounds for jurisdiction based on the nationality of persons involved in fishing on the high seas rather than on the principle of flag State jurisdiction.
       5. The Agreement does not grant any State the right to maintain or apply unilateral measures during the transition period as referred to in article 21, paragraph 3. Thereafter, if no agreement has been reached, the States shall act only in accordance with the provisions provided for in articles 21 and 22 of the Agreement.
       6. Regarding the application of article 21 of the Agreement, the Government of the French Republic understands that, when the flag State declares that it intends to exercise its authority, in accordance with article 19, over a fishing vessel flying its flag within the framework of an alleged violation committed on the high seas, the authorities of the inspecting State shall not purport to exercise any further authority under the provisions of article 21 over such a vessel. Any dispute related to this issue shall be settled in accordance with the procedures set forth in Part VIII of the Agreement (Peaceful settlement of disputes). No State may invoke this type of dispute to remain in control of a vessel which does not fly its flag for an alleged violation committed on the high seas. In addition, the Government of the French Republic considers that the word "unlawful" in article 21, paragraph 18, of the Agreement should be interpreted in the light of the whole Agreement, and, in particular, articles 4 and 35 thereof.
       7. The Government of the French Republic reiterates that all States shall refrain in their relations from the threat or use of force in accordance with general principles of international law, the Charter of the United Nations and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
       8. In addition, the Government of the French Republic stresses that the use of force as referred to in article 22 constitutes an exceptional measure which must be based on the strictest compliance with the principle of proportionality and that any abuse thereof shall entail the international liability of the inspecting State. Any case of non-compliance must be resolved by peaceful means, in accordance with the applicable dispute-settlement procedures. It considers, moreover, that the relevant conditions for boarding and inspection should be further elaborated in accordance with the applicable principles of international law, within the framework of the appropriate subregional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements.
       9. The Government of the French Republic understands that, in the application of the provisions of article 21, paragraphs 6, 7 and 8, the flag State may avail itself of its legal provisions under which the prosecuting authorities have the power to decide whether or not there are grounds for prosecution in the light of all the facts of the case. Decisions by the flag State based on such provisions must not be iterpreted as failure to respond or to take action.
       10. The Government of the French Republic declares that the provisions of articles 21 and 22 apply only to the sole sector of sea fishing.
       11. The Government of the French Republic is of the view that the provisions of articles 21 and 22 could not be considered as liable to be extended to vessels engaged in maritime transport within the framework of another international instrument or to be transposed to any instrument that does not deal directly with the conservation and management of the fish resources dealt with in the Agreement.

Greece

Declaration:

       "In this respect, the Government of the Hellenic Republic recalls that as a Member of the European Community, it has transferred competence to the European Community in respect of certain matters governed by the Agreement, which are specified in the Annex to this letter. The Hellenic Republic confirms the declarations made by the European Community upon ratification of the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks."
       [See declarations under “European Community”.]

India

Declaration:

       "The Government of the Republic of India reserves the right to make at the appropriate time the declarations provided for in articles 287 and 298 concerning the settlement of disputes."

Italy

Declaration:

       "..., the Government of Italy recalls that as a Member of the European Community, it has transferred competence to the Community in respect of certain matters governed by the Agreement, which are specified in the Annex to this letter.  Italy confirms the declarations made by the European Community upon ratification of the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks."
       [See declarations under “European Community”.]

Luxembourg

Declaration:

       ... [As a ] member of the European Community, Luxembourg has transferred competence with regard to the matters governed by this Agreement to the European Community.
       [Luxembourg has] the honour to confirm, ... , the declaration concerning the competence of the European Community with regard to all the matters governed by the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, included in annex B, as well as the delcarations made by the European Community regarding the ratification of the aforementioned Agreement, included in annex C.
       [See declarations under “European Community”.]

Norway

       "Declaration pursuant to article 43 of the Agreement:

       According to article 42 of the Agreement, no reservations or exceptions may be made to the Agreement. A declaration pursuant to its article 43 cannot have the effect of an exception or reservation for the State making it. Consequently, the Government of the Kingdom of Norway declares that it does not consider itself bound by declarations pursuant to article 43 of the Agreement that are or will be made by other States or international Organisations. Passivity with respect to such declarations shall be interpreted neither as acceptance nor rejection of such declarations. The Government reserves Norway's right at any time to take a position on such declarations in the manner deemed appropriate.

Declaration pursuant to article 30 of the Agreement:

       The Government of the Kingdom of Norway declares pursuant to article 30 of the Agreement, cf. article 298 of the      United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, that it does not accept an arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annex VII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for disputes concerning law enforcement activities in regard to the exercise of sovereign rights or jurisdiction excluded from the jurisdiction of a court or tribunal under article 297, paragraph 3, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, in the event that such disputes might be considered to be covered by this Agreement."

Portugal

Declaration:

       "The Government of Portugal recalls that [as] a Member of the European Community it has transferred competence to the Community in respect of certain matters governed by the Agreement.  Portugal hereby confirms the declarations made by the European Community upon ratification of the Agreement for the Implementing of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks."
       [See declarations under “European Community”.]

Spain

Declarations:

       Declaration:

       Spain, as a member of the European Community, points out that it has transferred competence to the Community with regard to a number of matters regulated by the Fish Stocks Convention. Spain hereby reaffirms the declarations made by the European Community upon ratifying the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks.
       [See declarations under “European Community”.]

       Interpretative declarations:

       1. Spain understand that the terms "geographical particularities", "specific characteristics of the subregion or region", "socio-economic, geographical and environmental factors", "natural characteristics of that sea" or any other similar terms employed in reference to a geographical region do not prejudice the rights and duties of States under international law.
       2. Spain understands that no provision of this Agreement may be interpreted in such a way as to conflict with the principle of freedom of the high seas, recognized by international law.
       3. Spain understand that the term "States whose nationals fish on the high seas" shall not provide any new grounds for jurisdiction based on the nationality of persons involved in fishing on the high seas rather than on the principle of flag State jurisdiction.
       4. The Agreement does not grant any State the right to maintain or apply unilateral measures during the transitional period as referred to in article 21, paragraph 3. Thereafter, if no agreement has been reached, States shall act only in accordance with the provisions provided for in articles 21 and 22 of the Agreement.
       5. Regarding the application ofarticle 21, Spain understands that, when a flag State declares that it intends to exercise its authority, in accordance with the provisions of article 19, over a fishing vessel flying its flag, the auities of the inspecting State shall not purport to exercise any further authority under the provisions of article 21 over such a vessel.
       Any dispute related to this issue shall be settled in accordance with the procedures provided for in part VIII of the Agreement. No State may invoke this type of dispute to remain in control of a vessel which does not fly its flag.
       In addition, Spain considers that the word "unlawful" in article 21, paragraph 18 of the Agreement should be interpreted in the light of the whole Agreement, particularly, articles 4 and 35 thereof.
       6. Spain reiterates that all States shall refrain in their relations from the threat or use of force in accordance with general principles of international law, the United Nations Charter and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
       In addition, Spain underlines that the use of force as referred to in article 22 constitutes an exceptional measure which must be based upon the strictest compliance with the principle of proportionality and that any abuse thereof shall imply the international liability of the inspecting State. Any case of non-compliance shall be resolved by peaceful means and in accordance with the applicable dispute-settlement procedures.
       Furthermore, Spain considers that the relevant terms and conditions for boarding and inspection should be further elaborated in accordance with the relevant principles of international law in the framework of the appropriate regional and subregional fisheries management organizations and arrangements.
       7. Spain understand that in the application of the provisions of article 21, paragraphs 6, 7 and 8, the flag State may rely on the requirements of its legal system under which the prosecuting authorities enjoy a discretion to decide whether or not to prosecute in the light of all the facts of a case. Decisions of the flag State based on such requirements shall not be interpreted as failure to respond or to take action.
       8. Spain is of the view that the constituent conventions of regional fisheries management organizations such as the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization, the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission and the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, given their status as special international agreements, have legal precedence over the New York Agreement, which sets forth general rules on the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. Part VI of the Agreement, "Compliance and enforcement", laying down boarding and inspection procedures, is therefore to be regarded as a regulation subordinate to alternative mechanisms established by subregional or regional fisheries management organizations which effectively discharge the obligations under the New York Agreement of their members or participants to ensure compliance with the conservation and management measures established by such organizations or arrangements.
       9. Spain understands that in article 8, paragraph 3, of the Agreement the term "a real interest" used with reference to States which may be members of a regional fisheries management organization shall be regarded as meaning that a regional fisheries management organization must in all circumstances be open to any State whose fleet fishes or has fished in the area covered by the constituent convention of such organization, in respect of which fleet the flag State has the authority to ensure compliance and enforcement. Participation in such organizations by the States in question shall indicate their real interest in the fisheries.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland7

Declaration:

       "...
       [The Government of the United Kingdom hereby confirms] the declarations made by the European Community upon ratification of the Agreement, and confirm that the interpretative declarations made by the European Community shall apply also to the United Kingdom's ratification of the said Agreement in respect of certain Overseas Territories, namely Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, Falkland Islands, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, Bermuda, Turks and Caicos Islands, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands and Anguilla."
       [See declarations under “European Community”.]

Uruguay

Declarations made upon signature and confirmed upon ratification:

       1. The objective of the Agreement, as set out in article 2, is to establish an appropriate legal framework and a comprehensive and effective set of measures for the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks.
       2. The effectiveness of the regime established will depend,  inter alia , on whether the conservation and management measures that are applied in areas beyond national jurisdiction take duly into account and are compatible with, those adopted by the relevant coastal States with respect to the same stocks in areas under their national jurisdiction, as provided for in article 7.
       3. Among the biological characteristics of a fish stock as a factor of which special account must be taken in determining compatible conservation and management measures, in accordance with article 7, paragraph 2(d), Uruguay attaches particular importance to the reproduction period of the fish stock in question, in order to ensure a sound and balanced approach to protection.
       4. Moreover, in order for the above-mentioned regime to be fully effective, in accordance with the objective and purpose of the Agreement, it is necessary to adopt emergency conservation and management measures, as stated in article 6, paragraph 7, where a serious threat exists to the survival of one or more straddling fish stocks or highly migratory fish stocks as a result of a natural phenomenon or human activity.
       5. Uruguay is of the view that, if an inspection carried out by a port State on a fishing vessel which is voluntarily present in one of its ports reveals that there are evident grounds for believing that the said fishing vessel has been involved in an activity that is contrary to the sub-regional or regional conservation and management measures on the high seas, then, in exercise of its right and duty to cooperate in conformity with article 23 of the Agreement, the port State should so inform the flag State and request that it take over responsibility for the vessel for the purpose of ensuring compliance with the said measures.